Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology has historically been the power cell of choice for smartphones and a wide range of other portable gadgets too. However, modern smartphones now commonly feature lithium-polymer (Li-poly) batteries, a suitable alternative for a wide variety of consumer electronic gadgets. This certainly isn’t a fact to overlook, given lithium-ion’s occasional run-in with overheating problems.
With battery safety and longevity high on some customers’ priority list, it’s good to know the pros and cons of these two battery technologies. Here’s everything you need to know about lithium-ion vs. lithium-polymer batteries.
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How do lithium-ion batteries work?
The trusty lithium-ion battery is the old industry workhorse. Development of the technology began all the way back in 1912 but it didn’t gain popularity until adoption by Sony in 1991. Since then, lithium-ion batteries have powered a wide range of gadgets, from portable cameras to music players and smartphones.
Lithium-ion has proven so successful due, in part, to its very high energy density, lack of the “memory effect� (where cells become more difficult to charge over time) unlike previous battery tech, and its comparably cheap cost of production.
These batteries are constructed from two positive and negative electrodes separated by a liquid chemical electrolyte, such as ethylene carbonate or diethyl carbonate. The chemical composition of this battery limits it to a mostly rectangular shape. Lithium-ion battery capacity decreases over charge cycles and even discharges when not in use, which isn’t ideal. Worse though, the chemical electrolyte can become unstable at extreme temperatures or if punctured, leading to “thermal runaway� and fires. Although I should stress this is very, very rare. Electronic controllers are often used to regulate charging and discharge power to prevent overheating.
How do lithium-polymer batteries work?
Lithium-polymer battery technology is newer than lithium-ion. It didn’t appear on the scene until the 1970s and has only made its way into smartphones much more recently. For example, Samsung only made the switch to lithium-polymer with the Galaxy S20 series. Although others have been using the technology for a little longer.
Lithium-polymer technology again uses a positive and negative electrode, but with a dry solid, porous chemical, or gel-like electrolyte, rather than a liquid. As a result, polymer batteries can offer a lower profile, flexible and more-robust designs, and have a lower chance of leaking electrolytes resulting in thermal run away. In a nutshell, they’re a fair bit safer.
A major drawback of this technology is a notably higher manufacturing cost. The lithium-polymer life cycle is also shorter and the batteries store less energy than the same sized Li-ion. These cells also still use protection circuits to keep voltages operating within safe limits too.
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Lithium-ion vs lithium-polymer: Key differences
Both battery types have their pros and cons. Generally speaking, lithium-ion batteries offer the highest capacities at the lowest prices. Handy if you want an inexpensive phone that lasts more than a single day between charges. Li-ion’s drawbacks are a gradual self-discharge, not that this matters too much for phones that are always-on, and the tiny, but not zero potential for safety issues.
Li-poly is safer, by comparison, which is particularly important in these days of super-fast charging technology. These batteries also have a very low self-discharge level, so won’t go flat when you’re not using them. However, this comes with a higher price tag, a shorter life-span, and a lower capacity density. Although, the lightweight nature of lithium-polymer batteries results in an overall better energy density per kg.
Overall, lithium-polymer is replacing lithium-ion in the smartphone industry due to its superior safety, form factor versatility, and weight attributes in high-end and mid-tier devices. Although more affordable designs will likely stick with lithium-ion battery technology for a while longer.
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Other Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Are lithium-ion batteries safe?
A: Yes. Malfunction and damage are very rare, so lithium-ion battery technology is very safe to use. Especially if you avoid extreme heat and damaging the battery casing.
Q: Are lithium-polymer batteries safe?
A: Yes. Lithium-polymer is even safer than lithium-ion, as there’s less risk of leaking the electrolytic component.
Q: Can lithium-ion batteries be recycled?
A: Yes. You should recycle rather than throw li-ion batteries away. You can often recycle these batteries at most local recycling centers and some stores such as The Home Depot and Lowe’s.
Q: Can lithium-polymer batteries be recycled?
A: Yes. You should recycle rather than throw li-poly batteries away. You can often recycle these batteries at most local recycling centers and some stores such as The Home Depot and Lowe’s.